The spotted lanternfly, an invasive insect that can kill grapevines and damage other crops, has a chance of first reaching the wine-producing counties of California in five years, according to a new analysis.
For the study in , researchers used a computer simulation tool to predict the timing of the spread of the spotted lanternfly, Lycorma delicatula, across the United States if efforts to control its spread are stopped.
They predicted there is a high probability of the insect spreading to North Carolina by 2027, and a chance of the insect first reaching California’s grape-producing counties that same year.
“This is a big concern for grape growers; it could lead to billions of dollars of losses in the agricultural sector,” says lead author Chris Jones, research scholar with the Center for Geospatial Analytics at North Carolina State University.
“With this study, we have a baseline that we can use to evaluate the effect of different management strategies.”
The spotted lanternfly, native to Asia, was first identified in the United States in Pennsylvania in 2014. Since then, it has spread to at least 11 other states. The invasive insect can damage or destroy commercially valuable crops such as grapes, apples, almonds, walnuts, cherries, hops, and peaches, as well as certain trees.
It kills plants by directly feeding on them, and can also damage them by leaving behind a residue known as “honeydew” that helps mold grow. Researchers have identified California, which produces 82% of the nation’s grapes, and Washington state, as a “highly suitable” climate for the spotted lanternfly.
“It’s hard to say in advance exactly what the spotted lanternfly’s impact will be on the grape-producing regions of the West Coast, since we only have data from cold-producing regions,” Jones says.
“In Pennsylvania, we’ve seen vineyard losses from the double whammy of cold and from spotted lanternflies feeding on the vines. But we do know producers can also experience losses because of the mold growth alone.”
Hitching a ride on rail cars
To predict the insect’s spread, researchers used a computer simulation tool known as “PoPS,” or the Pest or Pathogen Spread forecasting system, which they have developed to track any type of pest or disease.
Their system combines information on climate conditions suitable for spread of the pest with data on where cases have been recorded, the reproductive rate of the pest and how it moves in the environment. New data helps their forecasting system get better at predicting future spread.
To track spotted lanternfly, researchers used observations state and federal agriculture and pest experts gathered between 2015 and 2019. They considered railroad networks to be a “high risk” pathway for the spotted lanternfly to spread to the West Coast, as it is a hitchhiking pest that can lay its eggs on many different surfaces, including vehicles.
People can accidentally move the insect when they transport shipping material, stone, railroad cars, or even vehicles where the insect has laid its eggs.
“The main reason we included proximity to the railroad network in our model is because it is highly correlated with long-distance dispersal,” Jones says.
In addition to accounting for proximity to a rail line in the insect’s spread, researchers also assumed that the insect requires the presence of the invasive host tree—the tree of heaven or Ailanthus altissima—for most of the insect’s reproduction. The researchers say the tree often grows along highways and rail lines.
“We assumed that the spotted lanternfly needs tree of heaven to complete its life cycle,” Jones says. “The presence of tree of heaven, along with rail networks, seem to be two factors that could drive spread to California. The temperature there is relatively suitable across the state.”
Lanternfly invasion
Researchers expect the spotted lanternfly will be established throughout much of the United States by 2037 if all efforts to control it are stopped.
In California, the researchers say the insect has a low probability of first reaching the grape-producing counties by 2027, and a high probability by 2033. They expect it will likely spread through the grape-producing region by 2034.
“When we say there is a ‘high’ probability of reaching those counties, we mean there are multiple counties that have a probability of more than 50%,” Jones says.
They predicted there would be a high probability of the insect spreading in North Carolina by 2027. The spotted lanternfly has already been identified in Virginia, and North Carolina forestry experts are tracking it closely. The researchers say they are working to raise awareness among growers here.
“We’re conducting risk assessments and developing accompanying maps right now to raise awareness among the North Carolina growers and other managers to help them prioritize management strategies,” says coauthor Ross Meentemeyer, professor of geospatial analytics.
The researchers say their findings could help state and federal officials working to protect US crops like grapes, an industry valued at approximately $6.5 billion nationwide. Their findings provide a baseline for comparison for their management strategies. In addition, officials can use their computer modeling system to test the outcome of different management strategies.
“We hope this helps pest managers prepare,” Jones says. “If they can start early surveillance, or start treating as soon as the spotted lanternfly arrives, it could slow the spread to other areas. They could also pre-emptively remove tree of heaven around vineyards.”
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